What do convicts sent to British penal colonies in Australia during the 1800s exemplify?

Convicts sent to British penal colonies in Australia during the 1800s exemplify forced migration because they were removed from their home country and transported against their will as a penalty for crimes. This migration was not a choice; rather, it was imposed upon them as part of the British legal system, which utilized transportation to penal colonies as a solution for overcrowded prisons and as a means of punishment. The convicts were subjected to harsh conditions and had no agency over their relocation, which is a key characteristic of forced migration. This historical instance highlights how certain groups can be compelled to move due to legal, social, or economic pressures, contrasting with other migration types where individuals choose to relocate voluntarily or for seasonal labor opportunities.